To SEEKING PHILOSOPHY AND IDEAL SCHEMES of the DDR SECOND GENRATION /
Community Violence Reduction Programme
Par Jean Laforest Visene de Lyvia
Tulce
What is the mind of DDR second generation that is
being implemented in the United Nations Office of Rule of Law and Security
Institutions (OROLSI)? How we can describe an ideal scheme of this DDR process,
reaching the inclusion of keys communities’ actors in the establishment of communities’
peaceful cohabitation, community stabilization and its maintenance? What is the
expectation for DDR Second generation achievement as DPKO investment and in the
view of it DDR policy, whatever specific name of this programme? And what is
the link and the difference between a traditional DDR programme and a DDR
second generation, like Community violence Reduction Programme? Those are some
questions outlined by paper write in the aim to contribute to the CVR theories
and practices to present a new approach to one of the more controversial
aspects of DDR second generation / CVR aspects : . The purpose of such a program and the proof of its success.
I.
To avoid misunderstanding
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DDR second
generation has formally started and experienced in Haiti in 2007[1],
Central African Central African Republic (2014)[2]
and with variant models in South Soudan[3],
Ivory Coast and Somalia. The idea of DDR second generation came after finding
that the results of traditional DDR efforts were not far from even to the
expectation. DDR second generation would like to be an innovative DDR
strategy to get better results, effective assistance in achieving peace,
security and stabilization in fragile country.
The most
popular variant of the second generation of DDR is known as Community Violence Reduction (CVR).
Moreover, it is actually implemented in more than four UN peacekeeping
missions: in Haiti with the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
(MINUSTAH); In RCA with the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated
Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic MINUSCA); in RDC with
United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (MONUSCO; in Mali with United Nations Multidimensional
Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA).
It true DDR
“were often carried-out a disjointed and un-integrated way due to poor
coordination, planning and support, and sometimes competition between and
among peacekeeping operations, agencies, funds and programmes”[4]. But, it’s true also, despite the usable
policy, guidance and tools provided by the IDDRS[5],
the traditional DDR, in its approach, is not adapted to all countries
contexts and cannot open the way for a suitable stabilization and open the
business for real development program. In this mind, second Generation DDR
programmes are a response to the challenging contexts in which the UN is
working alongside national governments, civil society, and international
partners to maintain the peace process and contribute to stabilization[6].
From the
experiences of the above mentioned countries, it’s outlined that the a second
generation of DDR, like Community Violence Reduction, can delivered its goals
if resources are truly synergized and the response take into account the
structure and mechanisms of community violence, and also if the response is
monitored, making follow-up and defined an appropriate exit strategy.
This forward
looking philosophy and strategy of SECOND GENERATION OF DDR highlight, for users and SECOND GENERATION
OF DDR clients, the need to have a
good relationship between actors and also the requirement to harmonize SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR approach with the
overall stabilization mission strategy, specifically it’s integration into
the strategy of the mission substantives sections and units.
As
description of an ideal-type of DDR SECOND GENERATION programme, it not here
the intention to propose a model for a particular country. Because the
implementation context of a SECOND GENERATION OF DDR program may vary from
one country to another. Moreover, our understanding is that: the DDR second
generation came in support of the traditional DDR. It’s implemented later
launching the national DDR programme in the aim reach out recalcitrant.
As CVR is
the most popular of DDR second generation, this paper will describe ideal scheme
of the second generation of DDR based on the understanding of the concept of
CVR. What that mean Community Violence Reduction?
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II.
Initial mind of The
Community Viollence Reduction Concept
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What was the
initial spirit of the CVR? To understand it, let us take a look at the course
of the concept, its mutation and its strategic issues within the framework of
the DDR program in Haiti.
The concept
of CVR has been reached out in Haiti comfortably in 2007. Its issued from a
strategic plan defined by the joint DDR-PNUD/MINUSTAH section in the aim to accompanied the reintegration of
ex-combatants in their communities through stopgaps projects that will
achieved a “Centre de Prevention de la
Violence et de Development (CPVD)” that should be the emanation of satellites
centers named “Centre de Developement
Communautaire (CDC)’ (Community Development Center). The figure below
illustrate the functionalities of the Principal center and its satellites
centers:
Figure I : Dynamic of CPVD and CDC
strategy
What was in
the ground of this window strategic centers? The CVPD and its satellite
centers were designed from the strategic perspective of the so-called
"Revelation and Problem Analysis Map" (RPAM). This perspective
addresses the problem of violence under five chapters: The problem as factor
t pathology causing dysfunction of community safety and social normality; The
facts and findings of its negative influence on the social environment; The
causes that engender it, its current and future consequences; And finally the
issuance of recommendations and action to mitigate or at least reduce the
degree of nuisance of the problem for stabilization actions which constitute
an important first step for effective development actions of the target communities.
It is
understandable that the philosophy of CPVD and the CDC actions is a
structuring, constructive and dialectical approach. It was intended to
facilitate collegiate choices (communities
and partners) in mitigating community violence. Community structuring was
therefore seen as the main lever for mitigating community violence in this
CPVD / CDC strategy.
On the one
hand, the demobilized soldiers and its associates militias grouping together
in the "Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH)"
grafted on a political movement denominated "Grenn Nan Bouda - GNB" opposing to the power in place headed
by Jean Bertrand Aristide, which movement has been embedded by the Haitian
commercial group’s and elements from the middle class. In the other hand, the
partisans of President Aristide, in particular from the populous slums
cities, which supporters are known as "Rat pa kaka". This group is the emanation of the Vigilance Brigarde Movement[7],
which became an armed self-defense group, in response, first, to the
phenomenon of zenglendo during the
transitional period from 1987 to 1990, then after, the military persecution
during the period of the coup-d’état against the same Jean
Bertrand Aristide 1991. As the Rat Pa
Kaka was not a really structured and hierarchized movement at the
capitulation of the former President Jean Bertrand Aristide, in 2004, this
groups has embedded by criminal actors transforming the groups in gang,
operating in kidnapping, theft and burglary, political crime, attack against
UN forces and other. But they still has populous slums cities as area of
refuge and protection.
As resume of
the conflict context we highlight the presence of two species cases groups
before the arrival of the UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti: (i) A hybrid
group composed of men of weapons trades and of supporters well trained in
camps and having a hierarchized commander; (ii) groups composed of disparate
cells without any military discipline, hidden in the communities that serve
as protection shield and without commandment and hierarchies. The real
context was that: (i) it was not a political conflict with clear claim from
parties; (ii) Peace mediation and/or negotiation between parties was not possible
because of the nature of the groups, the dynamic of the violence and the lack
of leadership among the groups; (iii) Called the groups to surrounded and to
disarmament, on the basis of the classic DDR and the practices would be a
sermon in the desert.
Faced with
these separate characteristics of the different groups involved in the
conflict, challenging the DDR classics, and the volatile political context,
the Haitian government authorities and the United Nations peacekeeping
mission confronted a big dilemma: How to address the disarmament of
non-formal groups, rejecting a traditional DDR process, and even taking
refuge into populous communities that protects them? The solution proposed
was the implementation in these communities, firstly, Stop-gap projects, which would create confidence within the UN
and both of the communities and of the armed groups themselves refusing to
join the program; Little by little, decrease the influence of groups on the
community will, in order to find credible community leaders to negotiate the
disarmament of the groups. Reinforcing the community capacities to accompany
the process, not only disengagement of gang members’, but also support the
reinsertion and reintegration process.
For first
stage of the disarmament program, the government has appointed two keys
interlocutor: (i) Bureau de Gestion des
Militaires Demobilsés (BGMD) (ii) the Commission
Nationale de Desarmement (CND), thal will became Commission Nationale de Désarmement, Démobilisation et Réinsertion
(CNDDR). The first one to address the formal group and the last one to
take over the strategy for the informal groups.
For many
reason, that are not necessary to explain here, the CPVD/CDC strategy has not
implemented by the joint-section DDR-MINUSTAH PNUD. In 2006 the section was divided, on the one
hand UNDP developed its program called “Programme
de Securité Communautaire” and on the other hand the MINUSTAH with a DDR
program that did not say its name. It was then that in 2007 the "Community Violence Reduction Program"
was baptized in the spirit of the CPVD / CDC strategy.
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III.
Mains goals of Traditional
DDR and Second generation DDR
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i.
Traditional
DDR and Second generation of DDR dynamic
It accepted
that the DDR 1st generation and DDR 2nd generation
peruse the same objective: Contribute
to security and stability in post-conflict environments so that recovery and
development can begin. And then, the Core DDR activities and projects of the
both pursue the same final goal:
Reintegration of Ex-Combatants into civilian life and to prevent the
resurgence of violence into affected communities.
It’s is also
evident that the SECOND GENERATION OF DDR
strategy is an alternative approaches to addressing DDR and
unregulated weapons circulation in the violent environment and avoids the
recovered of community structure by artisans of violence, as was the suitcase
in Haiti.
Figure 2:
Traditional DDR and DDR second generation dynamic
ii.
What can
differed in the both kind of DDR
It’s
important to highlight that:
§ SECOND GENERATION OF DDR activities and
its projects are a pretext to address and mitigate violence through
communities’ affected, specifically violence generated by armed groups and
uncontrolled circulation of weapons and ammunitions into these communities.
SECOND GENERATION OF DDR strategy use community-based resources that are
proven to address the problems of community violence. It contemplates
internal strengths and opportunities for conflict resolution and / or
prevention and reinforces factors that make the community resilient to the
threats of internal and external violence.
§ The strategy of SECOND GENERATION OF DDR
as Second generation of DDR is an adaption approach and one of tools of the
UN to identify ways of ‘disengaging’ combatants in complex crisis, build
peace, security and development communities.
As outlined
by the figure 1, above, the difference between the both programmes is
Guidance and implementation process. The first gone in one way, focused on
the ex-combatants needs, while the second focused on the communities needs to
fight against violence, weakness in the control and management of weapons and
ammunitions in the community, and support the effective reintegration of the
ex-combatants into the civilian life.
Another
thing that could be a significant difference between Traditional DDR and
second generation of DRR is that the first one is specifically linkage with
the formal peacekeeping mission, while the second has interventions in the
boundaries of conflict prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace building
and peace enforcement. It seems also emphasis with the processing of
stabilization, peace consolidation and long-term recovery and development. In
this regard DDR second generation program like Community Violence Reduction Programme could a good tool for a
peacekeeping mission to play its role of peacemaking efforts and to involve
in early peace-building activities[8].
iii.
Rational
expectation of DDR Second generation whatever its name
A real DDR
programme whatever its kind of need to disarming, demobilizing, reinserting
people and hand-over them for a long-term reintegration. In this regards DDR second generation need
to contribute to attempts, at least, to one of the three pillars of the DDR
business, clearly defined by the UN-DDR policy. Such program could have as
prioritize actions as:
§ Firstly, accompanying to demobilized
combatants waiting their reinsertion / reintegration package: Occupied them
during this phase and peruse them to keep-out of the community violence
dynamic and prevent they been recycled into armed groups;
§ Pursue members of armed groups which not
has joined the National DDR programme to disarm : Create confident to the program and define
a community way to engage them to a community DDR process in close
relationship with host country authorities;
§ Prevent the recruitment of young-at-risk
by armed groups: Help them to be able to satisfy their basics need by
providing them income generating activities, skill-training and/or job
placement;
§ Reinforcing/Build the capacities of
communities-leaders and communities base structure and organization to give
best accompanying to the reinsertion and reintegration of ex-combatants and
also able the prevent violence into their respective communities;
§ Address specifics aspects of the
communities’ violence as child soldiers, women serving as support to armed
groups: joint action with relevant institution and organization who have
legitimacy and technical expertise.
However the
programme could have any kind of stopgap projects as pretext to find out
these relevant DDR objectives. It could be infrastructure rehabilitation,
watershed management, socio-economic /income generating, civic and socialization,
community conflict management, capacity building, etc. But the focus should
need to be disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion / reintegration of
people involving or has involved in community violence related to weapons and
ammunitions.
It is true
that the objectives of disarmament demobilization and reintegration /
reintegration are underlying the second-generation DDR strategy. However, it
is necessary to avoid giving the impression that the United Nations deals
more with those who involve in violence, give greater importance to those who
hold weapons or who are and/or were the main instigators of the conflict, put
them in stark contrast to the rest of society. In any case, it is the
perception that has been denoted at the level of several countries. Rightly
or wrongly, it means that less attention would paid to the rest of society,
neglecting the conversations within society on the root causes of the
conflict. It is these perceptions that a second generation DDR squanders
favoring the emergence of a collective will to solve the problem and help
build synergy to build peace. It’s needed to push the elite and the rest of
society to share the common DDR goal. If not, the United Nations may
contribute to the perpetuation of the conflict cycle. Above all, if the
population suffers because of the situation of armed violence that would have
been forged by the targets beneficiaries of the DDR programme. In such a
context, the credibility of the institution would be diminished.
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IV.
Vision/ Anchoring
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The overall
vision of a second-generation DDR program should blended by three main vision
:
§ The hosted state's understanding vision,
often drafted in it National Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
Strategy;
§ The mandate defined in the UN-Security
Council Resolution related to the peacekeeping mission;
§ The DPKO policy and protocol on DDR
practices;
The
perception of specific communities and its cultural dynamics, need to be
highly considered in this perspective. Certainly in terms of understanding of
the functionalities, relationship of armed groups with communities and the
circulation of arms, and finally the mandate given by the UN Security Council
on DDR.
In fact, the
vision of the United Nations is minor, emphasized on the two first one. The
United Nations Peacekeeping mission offered it good services and technical
expertise though its peacekeeping structures to resolve the problem. So, as
with traditional DDR, a second-generation DDR program is not the UN program.
It is the program of the host state and its target communities. The United
Nations would only provide expertise and financial support for the design and
implementation of such a programme.
The vision
of a SCOND GENERATION OF DDR Programme as support to the host country reverenced
strongly to the United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR), the
National Development Program (NDP), particularly National DDR Programme
(NDDP) and to others relevant UN and states guidance documents[9].
However, it
must be recognized that, in many cases, difficult working conditions do not
make it possible to arrive at a genuine understanding of the problem and to
harmonize everything according to such a vision. Despite this challenge, it
is necessary to have the task of having an alleged entry strategy of
scholarly formalities which could gradually take its technical and
structuring aspects. Practitioners should avoid that the ingredients of the
entry strategy do not set standards of intervention throughout the duration
of the programme.
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V.
Problem statement
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What is the
problem that a DDR second generation will address? [That will depend to the
problem statement in the mission strategic plan and/or specifically in the
mission mandate.
i.
Fundamental
problems
§ Violence crime remain the most important
social problem affecting the quality of
life in communities around the world;
§ Violence and organized violence affects
individuals, families, the community and human society in general;
§ Violence among and within communities is
variable and multidimensional;
§ Organized crime and community violence
is a handicap for local, national and international development.
ii.
Specific
problem
§ Community violence in general,
Specifically armed violence, whether by armed gangs, militias or paramilitary
groups is a threat to national and international peace and security;
§ Non-legitimate violence, whatever its
form and purpose, or its instigator, is a serious violation of human rights,
dignity and the well-being of humanity.
iii.
Assumption
The stabilization of a social environment targeted by a DDR Second
generation program requires specific actions on natural vectors and
structural factors of community violence.
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VI.
Main targets[10]
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The main
target do second-generation DDR need to be need to be identified accordingly
with the parameters of the communities’ violence. The program targets should
be closely linked to the DDR mission assumptions. Whether they are
operational, induced, observed or inferred, it makes it possible to identify
not only the vectors of violence but also the variables that are in fact the
levers of community violence. In principle, the hypothesis on community
violence is fruitful in the sense that it already has at least adequate
answers to the problem at least for its partial resolution. Moreover, this is
the very reason for the ex-ante evaluation of the program, which should have
the posture of a positive science with qualities of recommendations imprinted
with neutrality and axiological distance.
Being also
in line with the objective of protecting civilians, human rights and the
Rules of Law, a second-generation DDR program must be seen as a program, is
in line with a social justice program, takes into account those who are left
behind, and defenseless people, vulnerable to be recruited and / or support
for armed groups and the spiral of community violence. Moreover, this type of
program does not make the ex-combatant a star, rehabilitated prestigiously
for having taken up arms and which benefits from all opportunities in DDR to
the detriment of the community.
For a real
impact on the community violence dynamic, we listed, below, but no limited,
some main targets beneficiaries in
some Second Generation of DDR programme:
§ Youth-at-risk (boys and girls);
§ Ex-combatants in the process of
reinsertion/reintegration and its former-associates ;
§ Armed groups unengaged in the DDR
process;
§ Prisoners in the process of liberation
and return to social and community life;
§ Victims of armed groups ;
§ Local state institutions;
§ Communities leaders;
§ Community based organizations (CBO’s).
While the
first five beneficiaries receive support for socio-economic reintegration,
the latter three receive support for capacity building to reduce and prevent
community violence. However, the mission need to make a choice according to
their funding.
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VII.
Key goals
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i.
General goal
The key goal of a
DDR second generation programme is to create an enabling environment for the
reduction of armed violence and insecurity, through the combination of
efforts of community reconciliation, strengthening of State institutions,
development of the Haitian National Police (HNP), strengthening of the
judicial sector and socioeconomic recovery.
ii.
Specifics
goals:
Among the
specifics goal could have, but not limited:
i.
Outline a
SECOND GENERATION OF DDR strategy in
conformity with international standards and conventions are drafted and
endorsed at least at the level of affected communities in close implication
of state representatives;
ii. Provide alternatives to violence as a
means of subsistence for disadvantaged and / or at-risk youth, who are
unoccupied, because their situation makes them vulnerable more easily coveted
by the offers of community violence actors;
iii. Strengthen the capacity of Security
Sector institutions, especially Police Institution, and communities to work together to address security threats to social,
economic and cultural;
iv. Support the process of post-custodial
reinsertion of detained common rights detainees who will return to the target
areas of the program[11].
Final
expectation
i.
Loss of
influence and power of armed and criminal groups on targeted communities;
ii. Targeted communities are stabilized and
then development can begin;
iii. Development and / or improvement of
community resilience factors to prevent community violence, respond to
threats and / or resurgence of community violence.
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VIII.
Particular Strategy
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i.
Focusing of
the strategy
§ Reinsertion / Re-socialization and
psychosocial support for Youth-at-risk
and victims of community violence;
§ Facilitating / supporting the
reinsertion and/or reintegration of ex-combatants into civilian and community
life;
§ Prevention and/or mitigation of
community violence (Intra or inter, or specific violence);
§ Improving effectiveness of criminal
Justice;
§ Support for the restoration of State
authority and the establishment of Rule of Law.
ii.
Key interventions
Among the
SECOND GENERATION OF DDR
interventions, if we consider the world peace mission, their
configuration, the dynamic of the conflict targeted, the structure and social organization where
they operate, the strengths and weaknesses of communities to combat violence
SECOND GENERATION OF DDR program
focused on :
§ Vocational training and job employment;
§ Socialization, psychosocial support and
civic education;
§ Rehabilitation of community
infrastructures;
§ Rapprochement Police and Community;
§ Mediation, conflict resolution and
Social cohesion;
§ Social mobilization and outreach;
§ Legal assistance.
§ Supporting efforts to control the flow
of small arms;
§ Support the development of a national
community policing doctrine
But SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR strategy fit its program closely community need to address
community violence dynamic. In this thinking, this list is not limited to the
intervention components that a SECOND GENERATION OF DDR program must contain.
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IX.
Intervention approach and
principle
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i.
Approaches
DDR second
generation program forcing to be presented as integrated, delivery-oriented
approach with specific mechanism to develop a joint-collaborative framework.
§ Holistic and comprehensive (global and
systematic rather than with individual parts);
§ Multi-dimensional (Autonomy of system
with the existence of components independent variable);
§ Multi-sectorial (Multi-channel response
with needed coordination and collaboration among various stakeholder);
§ Multidirectional (reaching output from
several directions).
ii.
Principles
Based on the UN value, the Principe of intervention need to be :
i.
Good
offices, advice and support to the state institution in the field of DDR
Second generation and reintegration / reintegration of ex-combatants;
ii.
Rationality,
neutrality, impartiality, independence and objectivity of the program in
relation to the interests of belligerents in internal conflicts;
iii.
Efficiency,
effectiveness and sustainability of the intervention is the criterion for the
choice of the financing of a project proposal of the program;
iv.
Equal
treatment of partners and targeted beneficiaries;
v.
Commitment
in the program is voluntary and free;
vi.
Sharing
responsibilities and synergizing resources, including endorsement of results:
failure and success, is the best way to implement a DDR Second generation
Program.
iii.
Keys
concerns
In reference
to the above understanding of the objective of a DDR second generation, our
inception is that below:
i.
Does the
proposed action meet a real need assessed under objective conditions and it
is linked to a vector and/or factor of community violence?
ii. How proposed action can support the
reinsertion/reintegration of ex-combatants into civilian and community life
and/or mitigate the recruitment of youth-at-risk, demobilized elements from
militias and self-defense group by armed or criminal groups?
iii. How is the proposed action effective in
addressing the specific problem related to the community violence?
iv. How it proposed action can contribute to
serve as mediation, conflict resolution and Social cohesion into the target
community;
v. How will be measured the effect and
impact of such action on the overall problem of community violence?
vi. How is efficient the cost to be invested
for such an action?
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X.
Keys actors[12]
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i.
Need
assessment, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
i.
Host
government and its series institutions such as the National Commission for
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reinsertion (NCDDR), Ministries and Directorate
having authority over the areas of intervention of the program, Regional
institutions (as Delegation and / or prefecture, Mayor’s Office and other
Local authorities), Defense and security forces (DSF) specifically the
National Police institution, Justice sector etc.;
ii.
Targeted
Communities and civil society: Community leaders including Religions leaders;
Targeted beneficiaries, Community Based Organizations (CBO’s), Private
sector; National and international Non-governmental Organizations (NGO’s),
Armed groups, …
iii.
University
and Strategic Research Centers on Peacekeeping and Peace Building;
iv.
United
Nations Stabilization Components, especially substantives sections and units
into stabilization mission;
v.
Relevant
agencies from the United Nations Country Team (UNCT) UN affiliates
organizations[13];
vi.
Donors.
i.
The
population at large, through increased stability and prospects for economic
activity accruing from a reduction in violence and stability.
ii.
Government and its Security sector
institutions, through increased institutional capacity and presence to
respond to urgent needs in terms of policing, crime prevention and local
visibility;
iii.
Community groups (associations, local NGOs,
municipal forums…), through their participation in local community and
recovery projects, with an emphasis on their empowerment and accountability
within a community driven planning process;
iv.
High-risk groups, including women and
children through the creation of educational supports and short employment
opportunities in community development schemes.
v. Ex-Combatants who will really
reintegrated in into their civilian life;
iii.
Accountability
As all UN programmes, SECOND GENERATION OF DDR projects and activities
supported by UN or donors funds are subject to audit. It’s the obligation of
the implementation team, external actors and the organization ensure that the
accountability schemes are taken in consideration and the results are in a
transparent manner.
It’s also important to specify SECOND GENERATION OF DDR programmes and
its projects/activities are subject to internal and external evaluation. Its
evaluation need to outline best practices and lessons learned for correctives
actions and sharing experiences with other UN missions and actors.
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XI.
Evidence of the problem
solving
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As we mentioned above the DDR second generation / Community Violence
reduction programme have two aspects: quantitative and qualitative. Dependent
on the projects and activities implemented the impact can be visible by the
following observations:
i.
Decrease of
violence statistic related to robbery, domestic violence, beneficiary
communities;
ii.
Visible
improvement of the community environment;
iii.
Increased
intensity of economic activities in the community;
iv.
Increased of
the microenterprise and job employment in the respective communities;
v.
Improvement
of the quality of community services in the vocational training channels
offered to youth- at- risk people
vi.
Harmonization
of relationships and restoration of trust between the community and the
police;
vii.
High level
reintegration success of ex-combatants into civilian and community life;
viii.
Reduction in
the number of unoccupied and violent youth in target communities;
ix.
Decrease in
the number of repeat offenders released;
x.
Decrease in
the number of cases of victims of expeditionary justice and popular revenge;
xi.
Reduced drug
and alcohol abuse among youth;
xii.
Decrease in
the number of cases of detainee’s abusive and prolonged preventive detention.
xiii.
Reduction in
the number of street children and/or street children from the program's
target areas;
xiv.
Decrease in
the number of children living on the streets or roaming in the streets, from
the target areas of the program;
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XII.
To Conclude
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To conclude
we want to highlight our understanding of the CVR and/or DDR second
generation effectiveness realization.
In a CVR
strategy we must avoid what we are calling "sword projects in
water". As example, why have
infrastructure project in a community if this infrastructure is not a tool
for decrease the factors causing violence and its can contribute to the
restructuring of a system ensuring either the restructuring of community
weakness to prevent and mitigate community violence dynamic. A CVR project is
not implemented to claim to have performed a program. Because, each CVR
strategy actions must be a pawn in the toolkit of the strategy to act on the
community conflict. A CVR strategy is therefore an active hand conceived from
the bottom to top and from top to bottom
It’s true
the concept of “Community Violence Reduction (CVR)” has two aspects: quantitative and qualitative. But, the
first one is dependent to last one, its effectiveness realization, especially
in the perspective of the durability of such a program effect. We could not
ensure that CVR has successfully archived with only quantitative data. We
need to specifically qualitative assessment of the achievement to ensure that
the community resilience to fight against Violence thread is outcome by the
programme.
DDR Second
generation program is an implementation of Security Council mandates
addressing the root causes of conflict and strengthening of national
capacities by focusing on the inclusion of communities actors in peace
reaching, building and it sustainment. As outlined above, DDR Second
generation cannot achieve planned goals and sustainable if the program has
not set-up in proper condition and with inclusion of key actors. DDR Second
generation strategy, whereby all intervention dependencies have been
identified in concentration actors and beneficiaries in pursuit of a common
goal and shared objectives.
SECOND GENERATION OF DDR as composite of the
Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions (OROLSI) components into the
DDR is not an end in itself. It is only an additional tool to support the
stabilization process. It adapts to the context of its target communities. As
a result, there is no one-way SECOND GENERATION OF DDR strategy. However,
there is a SECOND GENERATION OF DDR approach that implies the use of
appropriate community mechanisms to achieve community stabilization.
SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR strategy need to be manage by legitimate authorities and/or
states institutions. As new concept in the Peacekeeping operation, SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR strategy need to
paid attention to lesson learn and build it knowledge to serve DPKO mission
and host country. It is necessary to paid attention to lessons learnt,
imagine new way, and develop new knowledge to address violence into
communities because: Aggregate reductions can also mask the variability in
violence among and within communities.
Finally let
us highlight that SECOND GENERATION OF DDR
are not in comparison to the formal DDR program and security
institutions issues and long-term development perspective :
i.
SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR program is not palliative as package for ensure the
complete reintegration of ex-combatants. If SECOND GENERATION OF DDR consider the Ex-combatant as a
beneficiaries it is only reach it integration into the community reliable and
effectiveness. In some cases, as sometimes the reinsertion package come later
after the demobilization phase the combatants, a SECOND GENERATION OF
DDR program phase the SECOND GENERATION OF DDR is a preventing action to avoid the
recycling of ex-combatants into armed groups. SECOND GENERATION OF DDR is certainly a support program to their
reinsertion & reintegration, but it’s focused on the needs of communities
to develop resilience to fight community violence and prevent it resurgence
after the community stabilization;
ii. The type of violence targeted by a
SECOND GENERATION OF DDR program is not limited to the armed violence. That
is why in UNSC resolution 1706 for the United Nations Stabilization Mission
in Haiti (MINUSTAH) mandate called to address in its Community Violence
Reduction Programme the “Violence de
voisinage”, (neighborhood violence);
iii. SECOND GENERATION OF DDR is not a development program. But SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR interventions are a strong contribution to the
post-conflict reconstruction activities. Its need to be implemented as
pre-setting of development. In this regards, it necessary to get the
involvement of UN agencies and international and National NGO’s. Who must
during and at the end of the stabilization bring development projects to the
communities. From this point of view, the SECOND GENERATION OF DDR Program is
a client of the development actors, that is to say, SECOND GENERATION OF DDR
works on their own account.
iv. The aspect of community rapprochement to
the security institutions as National Police (NP) institution don’t seem
SECOND GENERATION OF DDR is targeted SSR objective. But it clear that in this
approach SECOND GENERATION OF DDR intervention needs to be an osmosis view
with the UN-SSR program supporting the host country to reform its security
institutions. The focus of SECOND GENERATION OF DDR program differs from that
of a SSR program. While focuses on the
security institutions SECOND GENERATION OF DDR focuses its attention on the
community relationship with the police institution.
v. Child soldiers, its clear DDR program
don’t targeting directly young people aged less than 18 years. SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR is not also a palliative to target these young-at-risk
without the involvement of child protection and UNICEF. Keeping with the logic
of protecting the superior interests of children associated with armed
groups, the SECOND GENERATION OF DDR projects addressing the problems of
these children as victims of armed conflicts resort to the expertise of
qualified partners in close coordination with Child Protection and UNICEF.
vi. As requested the Security Council
resolution 1325[15],
the gender perspective is strongly considered in the implementation of SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR programme in the aim to set a clear and practical agenda
for support together the advancement of women and community conflict
resolution. SECOND GENERATION OF DDR planners need to work closely with
female representatives and women’s groups in the formulation and
implementation of the SECOND GENERATION OF DDR processes. SECOND GENERATION
OF DDR activities need to carry out the women’s visibility and the
recognition of their importance for the sustainability of the peace in the
community, support them on the achievement of their post-conflict
reconstruction activities in an environment free from threat, especially of
sexualized violence. But, the SECOND GENERATION OF DDR program is not a
gender policy.
vii. A DDR Second generation program is not a
spied tools and/or platform to reach intelligence information. That is
important for the credibility of the program and the confident of actors to
synergize communities’ actor’s efforts and convert all communities groups in
one way to revitalize communities’ resilience factors against violence.
It accurate,
neither the traditional DDR, neither the Second generation of DDR alone
cannot resolve conflict or prevent violence. But the traditional DDR will
continue to perform in UN peacekeeping mission to help the establishment of a
secure environment in post-conflict context, so that other elements of a
peace-building strategy, including weapons management, security sector reform
(SSR), elections and rule of law reform, can proceed. Finally the DDR second
generation need to be considered as a complementary of the traditional DDR.
|
XIII.
Relevant Sources
|
1. OPERATIONAL GUIDE TO THE INTEGRATED
DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION
STANDARDS, http://www.unddr.org/uploads/documents/Operational%20Guide.pdf, UN 2014;
2. Kofi A. Annan, United Nations
Secretary-General (Endorsed by)
INTEGRATED DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION STANDARDS, December
2006; http://www.unddr.org/uploads/documents/IDDRS%20Foreword%20and%20Acknowledgements.pdf. http://cpwg.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/08/UN-2006-IDDRS.pdf
3. United Nations Department of
Peacekeeping Operations, Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Section (Report commissioned by), SECOND GENERATION DISARMAMENT,
DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION (DDR) PRACTICES IN PEACE OPERATIONS, A Contribution to the New Horizon
Discussion on Challenges and Opportunities for UN Peacekeeping, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/2GDDR_ENG_WITH_COVER.pdf,
United Nations 2010, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 380,
Madison Ave, 11th Floor New York, NY 10017, USA.
4. United Nations Disarmament,
Demobilization and Reintegration Resources Center http://www.unddr.org/what-is-ddr/introduction_1.aspx;
5. United Nations, Department of
Peacekeeping Operations, Department of Field Support: “United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines”,
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/capstone_eng.pdf, 2008.
6. Re-orienting DDR to DDR Second
generation (SECOND GENERATION OF DDR) in Haiti http://www.ssrresourcecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/MINUSTAH_SECOND
GENERATION OF DDR _strategy.pdf, September 2007.
7.
Office des
Nations Unies contre la Drogue et le Crime, MESURES CARCÉRALES ET MESURES NON
PRIVATIVES DE LIBERTÉ: Réinsertion sociale, (Compilation d'outils d'évaluation de la justice pénale) https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/cjat/Reinsertion_sociale.pdf.
8.
L’accompagnement
social des condamnés et des sortants de prison, http://conference-consensus.justice.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/fiche-15-accompagnement-social-sortants-prison.pdf, New York, 2008.
9. Françoise Nduwimana (Prepared by)
/Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women
(OSAGI), Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Economic
Commission for Africa (ECA), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325
(2000), on Women, Peace and Security, Understanding the Implications,
Fulfilling the Obligations, http://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/cdrom/documents/Background_Paper_Africa.pdf
|
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│ Copyright
© 2017, Jean Laforest Visene de Lyvia Tulce │ ***Maya, Maya, Maya, Alaba***
│ Motto : Toujou chèche pou ou an amoni avèk
Lanati - Pwoteje tout moun ak ak tou sa ki egziste nan Lanati - Pa gaspiye - Pa detwi - Pa fè ogèy - Fè pou moun sa w ta renmen yo fè pou ou - Do No Harm & Full Responsibility │ Profession : Sociologue, Jurist & M.A Ex-sc. in Development, International certification
in DDR - SSR - Humanitarian Coordination │ OCCUPATIONS : International
consultant in Peace Building & Development. - Prof & Lecturer at Haitian State University (UEH) │ Contact: Permanent adress : 20, Vilou, route intercommunale Maniche – Camp-Perrin, Les
Cayes, Haiti, W.I - Tel : +50943093449 ;
+50949449085 (Haiti) - +243 976513887 (RDC Congo) - Email: visenejl@gmail.com; jealavise@yahoo.fr; visene@un.org - Skype
: jeanlaforestvisene - Social network : +50943093449 - WebPage :
www.visenejl.blogspot.com; http://www.jeanlaforestvisene.org │
[1] Re-orienting DDR to Community Violence Reduction (CVR)
in Haiti, http://www.ssrresourcecentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/MINUSTAH_CVR_strategy.pdf, 2007.
[2] UN Multidimensionnel
Intégrâtes Stabilisation Mission in the Central Africain Republic, Le programme de réduction de violence
communautaire entre dans sa phase active, http://reliefweb.int/report/central-african-republic/le-programme-de-r-duction-de-violence-communautaire-entre-dans-sa, 01
February 2017.
[3] Southern Sudan and DDR: Adopting an Integrated
Approach to Stabilization, http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/facts-figures/HSBA-Sudan-conference-papers.pdf, Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of
International and Development, Studies, Geneva 2009
[4] Yvan Conoir
(2007), Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR): Principles of
Intervention and Management in Peacekeeping Operations http://cdn.peaceopstraining.org/course_promos/ddr/ddr_english.pdf, page 11.
[6] Please, see United Nations
(2010) “SECOND GENERATION DISARMAMENT, DEMOBILIZATION AND REINTEGRATION (DDR)
PRACTICES”, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/2GDDR_ENG_WITH_COVER.pdf, page 14.
[7] Jean Laforest Visene de Lyvia Tulcé
(by), «HAÏTI DES BRIGADES DE VIGILANCE (GROUPES
D’AUTO-DEFENSE) ET PARAMILITAIRES A L’EMERGENCE ET LA RECUPERATION POLITIQUE
DES GANGS ET BANDES ARMES DANS LES COMMUNAUTES » https://visenejl.blogspot.com/2014/07/haiti-des-brigades-de-vigilance-groupes.html,
juillet 2014
[8] United Nations, Department of Peacekeeping Operations,
Department of Field Support: “United
Nations Peacekeeping Operations Principles and Guidelines”, http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/capstone_eng.pdf, 2008, page 19.
[9] Jean Laforest Visene de Lyvia Tulcé (by), Linkage of
the Community Reduction Violence approach in Haiti, http://visenejl.blogspot.com/2014/03/linked-of-community-reduction-violence.html, 30 mars 2014.
[10] Please see United Nations (2010) OP. Cit. page 24 t0
28.
[11] Please see UNDOC, 2008, page 18 (as below describe in
relevant sources).
[12] Please see United Nations (2010) OP. Cit. page 18 to
19.
[13] DPA, DPI, DPKO, ILO, IOM, ODA, ODA, OHCHR, OSAA, OSRSG
CAAC, PBSO, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNEP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIDIR, UNITAR, UN WOMEN,
WFP, WHO, World Bank.
[14] Jean Laforest VISENE de
Lyvia Tulce (by), Choisir des
bénéficiaires des programmes D‘apaisement social visant la résolution des
problèmes de Violence : Proposition d’un modèle de sélection, http://visenejl.blogspot.com/2014/08/choisir-des-beneficiaires-des.html, lundi
11 août 2014.
[15] Françoise Nduwimana (Prepared by) /Office of
the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women (OSAGI), Department
of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), United
Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000), on Women, Peace and Security, Understanding
the Implications, Fulfilling the Obligations,
